Comparison between Two Political Thinkers and and their...

Political theories have been collected throughout history, and often shine light and cause debate surrounding the positions of common socio-political themes and topics. When studying political theory, it is important to recognize the philosopher behind the written work, and comprehend why they reflect the political beliefs that they do. This paper will compare and contrast two of the most noted and influential political thinkers and their understanding of private property. The first theory is found within the work of English philosopher John Locke. Locke strongly supported the concept of private property, and believed that the only reason society falls upon armed conflict and warfare is because of a general lack of the essential†¦show more content†¦Whatsoever then he removed out of the state of nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property† (Locke, 19). For Locke, labor’s most valuable function is that it does more than simply define a division between what is considered private and what is considered public. He feels it is labor that creates value and turns something that was fundamentally worthless at one time into something of worth. For example, Locke presents the opinion that land without labor put into it is â€Å"scarcely worth anything.† Locke viewed the world as a place of opportunity that had been given to us for our persona benefit, but more importantly viewed private property as a fun damental practice to shape a structured political society. Government and rule, Locke believed, is a trust taken by an individual. The purpose of that trust is to secure the protection of that individual’s person and property, and, perhaps most importantly, that individual has the right to withdraw his or her support in the ruling government when the government fails in it’s task and does not keep the good of the people in mind. In a state of nature there is no way for each individual to ensure that his or her property would remain safe from anyone else. In Locke’s theory, he did not believe a democracy was the only valid system of government, and had no problem with aShow MoreRelatedThe Main Points Of Argumentation Applied By Karl Marx And Georg Lukacs2896 Words   |  12 PagesIn this essay, I will reconstruct the main points of argumentation applied by both Karl Marx and Georg Lukacs in two of their well-known works, Estranged Labor and History and Class Consciousness. I will compare the two with one another in or der to develop a comprehensive overview of the difficult and complex relationship between alienation, production, the commodity structure, the ideological applications of the capitalist system and the way in which they are extended into every facet of real lifeRead More Locke On Distribution Essay3207 Words   |  13 Pagesliterature on the Two Treatises of Government was more famous (or infamousÉdepending on who you talk to), widely debated, or caused more controversy than the old Oxford gradÕs theory of property. Some are shouting from the left that Locke argues a rights claim for subsistence for all individuals, that it may even support MarxÕs theory of exploitation. Yelling back are those from the right who claim that he formulates a moral justification for capitalist appropriation of property. 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According with Thomas Hobbes, justice is a property of relations among human beings requires government as an enabling condition:Read MoreJurisprudence: Marxism3961 Words   |  16 Pagesfirst scientific socialist thinker. His socialism was based upon an understanding of the ‘real’ material economic facts. The socialist thinkers who preceded Marx have been designated as ‘Utopians’. There were a number of socialist thinkers before Marx. Although Marxism cannot be reduced to a mere compilation or synthesis of Utopian ideas, there is little doubt that they played an important part in the formation of Marx’s system. There were important differences between the sci entific socialism ofRead MorePolitical Philosophy and Plato Essay9254 Words   |  38 Pagesstrongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. 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Business Opportunities - 14520 Words

I did not write this essay: The Sources of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Individuals the Environment Doctoral Research Paper 2 of 5 Nikolina Fuduric Doctoral Supervisor: Professor Anne Lorentzen February 2008 Department of Planning and Development Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark 1.0 INTRODUCTION No extensive empirical study on the sources of entrepreneurial opportunities included the individual, the environment and the individual’s start-up activities in a post-socialist periphery. However, such layered approaches have been encouraged in theoretical studies of entrepreneurship. Bouchikhi (1993) claims that each approach taken†¦show more content†¦The second reason could be because it is generally assumed that Kirznerian entrepreneurship is more mundane and offers less value to society (from a macro-economic but not from a development perspective). As a field, we do not have a clear understanding of the Kirznerian entrepreneur’s opportunity sources, his value to different levels of society and what interventions are needed to encourage this form of entrepreneurship even though it is the most common form practiced. Why encourage a non-innovative, mundane form of entrepreneurship? The answer lies in the fact that a simpler, less resource intensive form of entrepreneurship has the ability to manifest in economically stagnating peripheral regions. Entrepreneurship in these areas of the world is often the only source of economic and social meaning available to the marginalized or the poor. Based on what has been discussed in the previous paragraphs, this paper has four goals. The first is to offer a literature review on the sources of opportunities in the entrepreneurship process. The literature review shows that the theoretical and empirical contributions are quite fragmented and in need of a framework. 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Mallarme(Poet) Essay Example For Students

Mallarme(Poet) Essay St?phane Mallarm?St?phane Mallarm?, a French poet, became one of the most important masters of French symbolism, a nineteenth-century movement in poetry that stressed impressions and moods rather than descriptions of reality (Online). The poetry of Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, and others strongly affected Mallarm?s writing (Online). He used symbolism to represent human emotions to make his poems unclear, thus avoiding direct communication with his readers (Online ; World Book 110,111). Mallarm? was born in Paris on March 18, 1842 (Online). After his mother died when he was seven years old, his grandmother became his parental role model. His education included upper-class boarding schools where he often felt out of place because of his middle class background. When he was fifteen, the death of his younger sister, Maria, greatly influenced his poetic development. He turned from Romantic lyricism to much more morbid subjects like Baudelaires Les fleurs du mal. In 1 860, he received his baccalaureate degree from a ?lycee? in Sens. After an apprenticeship in the Registrys office, in 1862 he had his first sonnet published in Le papillon, a literary journal. In 1862 Mallarm? married Maria Gerhard and became a teacher in Tournon. The difficult duties of teaching often interrupted his poetic work and thoughts. Although his students made fun of him, Mallarm? was not discouraged and continued his writing. After translating Edgar Allan Poes English poems into French, Mallarm?s chief influence became Poe rather than Baudelaire. He began to compose long imaginative poems and a prose poem called Herodiade, the biblical story of Salome who caused John the Baptists murder. Then he wrote his best-known poem LApr?s-midi dun faune (Afternoon of a Faun), which explores the difference between reality and fantasy (World Book 110,111). After moving to Paris in 1875 and becoming a teacher at College Rollin, Mallarm? began to associate with such famous French poets as Theodore de Banville, Paul Verlaine, and Gustave Kahn (Online). These and others visited him on Tuesday evenings (les mardis), and these poets became known as les mardistes. Mallarm? spoke about using words as symbols and was considered an oracle. He became known as the ?Master of Symbolism? because of the great effect he had on the poets of his age. To honor his colleagues, he later wrote Toast funebre and ?Le tombeau dEdgar Poe? (?The Tomb of Edgar Poe?), a poem telling of Poes ?eternal genius? despite his sad life. This poem is one of the most often quoted poems in French literature. In 1869, Mallarm? started but did not complete Igitur: ou, la folie dElbehnon, twelve prose fragments of different lengths (Online). Classified as a story, a prose poem, and a drama, Igitur did not appeal to feelings but to the intelligence of the reader. It shows his lifelong preoccupation with death, infinity, fantasy, and absence. Despite Mallarm?s requests to dispose of his Igitur notes at his death, his son-in-law, Dr. Bonninot, tried to reorganize the prose fragments and published them in 1925. In his final work Un coup de des jamais nabolira le hasard (A Throw of the Dice Never Will Abolish Chance), Mallarm? showed his interest in musical verse form and set his words in different typefaces to illustrate visually the subject of the poem and to stress the unity of thought and sound. Mallarm? thought that one should not change or paraphrase the language of a poem (Americana 143). He believed that sacred things are surrounded in mystery and that poetry has secrets that should be protected, just as religion does. According to Mallarm?, poetry is not like music because the latter cannot be understood by all. To this poet, the silences in a poem are just as important as the words. He also thought that the reason for writing poetry is the creation of poetic language; therefore, poetry itself is the subject of all poems. .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .postImageUrl , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:hover , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:visited , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:active { border:0!important; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:active , .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucd291a920800ac138135c2a3954d3f2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Young Thomas Edison EssayAlthough Mallarm? tried to develop a ?Grand Oeuvre,? he spent so much time and energy thinking about the true nature of poetry that he was unable to write this work (Online). He sometimes suffered from depression and lack of creativity due to his changing poetic intentions, his dislike for instant pleasure in literature, and his insistence that the reader himself search for the symbolic meaning in poetry. His most important contribution is to the Symbolist Movement and modern poetry, for it shows his feeling that what can not be explained in poetry is able to be understood through exact symbolic language. St?phane Mallarm? has had great influence on twentieth century poetry, although his own poetry is limited (Colliers). His attitudes, theories, and the wholeness of his personality have greatly influenced many modern day poets. On September 9, 1898, St?phane Mallarm? died at Valvins. ?Toute l?me r?sum?e ? is a poem written by St?phane Mallarm? and published in 1895. This poems central idea is to value and appreciate those qualities or things that are constant, not those that drift away and change like the smoke of a cigar. These lines: ?Exclus-en si tu commences Le r?el parce que vil Le sens trop pr?cis rature Ta vague litt?rature? illustrate that Mallarm? develops the theme well because of the vagueness and ones inability to completely understand the soul. The soul is something indescribable by ordinary words and language; thus Mallarm?, the master of Symbolism, uses highly symbolic language throughout the poem. Mallarm? successfully creates the poems mood, one of reflectiveness, pensiveness, and spiritually through the sensory images of fire, ashes, and smoke. This line: ?Toute l?me r?sum?e? and the reference to the soul cause one to contemplate while ?quelque cigare br?lant? and the reference to the cigar remind one of a peaceful and tranquil atmosphere associated with a relaxing smoke. St?phane Mallarm? uses examples of metaphors and symbolism to create the meaning of the poem. ?Quand lente nous lexpirons (l?me) dans plusieurs ronds de fum?e abolis en autres ronds? is an extended metaphor; when Mallarm? says that we exhale the soul, he actually means the living of ones life. The rounds of smoke come and go abolished in other rounds; Mallarm? suggests through this line the importance of each day because of the shortness of life. ?Que la cendre se s?pare? shows the symbolism of ashes representing the body after death. Just as ashes are left behind after the smoke of a fire, so is the body left behind after the soul departs. Mallarm? uses an implied metaphor of smoke representing the soul which is exhaled in smoke rings. As smoke rings can change, so can the soul change. The withdrawal of the ashes is another implied metaphor of the death of someone. The final use of symbolism is ?De son clair baiser de feu.? The kiss of fire is represented as eternal life and life at the beginning when both the body and soul are united. The fuming cigar also is like Mallarm?s writing style in which ?each word becomes alight, burns, and transmits the fire? (Chiari 143) as each word flows into the next. This lyric poem is a sonnet consisting of four stanzas (4,4,4,2) and fourteen lines. Written in meter verse with seven syllables per line, the rhyme scheme is ?rime Crois?e? (abab, cdcd, efef, gg). Mallarm?s concrete words include ?ronds de fum?e, cigare, la cendre, et de feu? while his positive connotative words consist of ?l?me et le ch?ur des romances.? Mallarm? writes ?Toute l?me r?sum?e concisely using suggestive, rather than clear images. ?Toute l?me r?sum?e is difficult to understand and must be carefully re-read time and time again. St?phane Mallarm? forces his readers to interpret his vague poems, such as this one, which is full of unclear symbolism. This poem makes the reader ponder about the evolution of the soul. The poem is good and lasting because of its meaning which is to take advantage of what is here now. .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .postImageUrl , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:hover , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:visited , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:active { border:0!important; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:active , .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716 .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c5f70f85e253a5de2ab07f1a112d716:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Radar: A Silent Eye in the Sky EssayBibliographyChiari, Joseph. Symbolism from Poe to Mallarm?. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1956, p.143. ?Mallarm?, St?phane.? Colliers Encyclopedia. Volume 15. ?Mallarm?, St?phane.? Encyclopedia Americana. Volume 18. pp. 177-178. ?Mallarm?, St?phane.? The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13, pp. 110-111. Online. Internet. March 17, 1999.

Cormac Mccarthy free essay sample

McCarthy could be labeling the characters ‘the man ‘and ‘the boy’ to show the effects on mankind after this catastrophe. By labeling them ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’, it could be that McCarthy is trying to universalize his characters, showing how much of a change there has been in the novel after the tragedy which has transformed the earth. McCarthy has been very vague about the form and setting, from the opening pages, the reader still does not have a clear understanding of where exactly the novel is set or where ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’ are going. The month/date has not been clarified either as the narrative voice says ‘it could have been October’. The narrative voice talks about ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’ going south. Also the narrative mentions a ‘gas’ station and McCarthy has used a different spelling of particular words (gray instead of grey) which gives the hint that the novel is set in America. We will write a custom essay sample on Cormac Mccarthy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the beginning, the reader can gather a different sense of language, structure and form, then from a regular novel. Cormac McCarthy uses structure to set up his novel to reader, irregularly. From the opening pages, there are no chapters or speech directions. As we read on we learn that McCarthy has created a setting of a post-apocalyptic world. McCarthy may have done this to suggest a link between structure and setting. By not including punctuation and other structures such as chapters, Cormac McCarthy creates a narrative that is starkly bare, stripped to nothingness like the novels setting. By doing this, McCarthy is completely stripping the book, which engages the reader more than just the bleak description. From the opening pages, McCarthy has used a 3rd person narrative and nameless characters, which has kept the opening passage extremely vague. It is strange that in this post-apocalyptic world, where it is interpreted by the reader, to have a sense of emptiness, McCarthy has used a 3rd person narrative with a single point of view. Almost as if someone is watching everything whilst it is happening. McCarthy could be doing this to add suspense, as he later talks about ‘the man’ carrying a pistol and also has a motorcycle wing mirror attached to his shopping cart. Understanding that ‘the man’ is almost expecting something or someone to approach him, added to the fact there is a 3rd person narrative with a single point of view adds suspense and curiosity to the novel. To bring the setting to life, McCarthy uses effective language and tone to engage the reader and create an image in the head of the reader, of what the world is like for ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’. McCarthy combines the harsh reality of the post-apocalyptic world, with a tender father and son relationship. McCarthy uses symbolic language to describe the atmosphere, by associating The Road and its surroundings with the color such as ‘grey’, which is linked with negativity and dullness. McCarthy could be doing this to suggest that there is not much hope left, by linking ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’s’ surroundings with the color grey, it shows that there is not a kindle of hope. McCarthy has not introduced any characters other than ‘the man’ and ‘the boy’, but he describes to different groups whilst describing The Road, ‘Bloodcults’ and ‘Road Agent’. McCarthy uses the word ‘Bloodcult’ instead of cannibals. Cult meaning a group whose beliefs are considered abnormal or bizarre, but the people within the cult do not believe what they are doing is wrong. Cannibalism is a negative term, but due to the extreme changed that has happened to the world in The Road, McCarthy has combined the two words ‘blood’ and ‘cults’, to show that the world has undergone such a great change, that even one of the worst things that one human could do to another, are considered as normal. McCarthy also uses the words Road Agent’ instead of highwayman, which is someone that holds up travelers at gunpoint in order to rob them, which links to The Road as people will be travelling. McCarthy might have used the words ‘Road Agent’ and ‘Bloodcults’, to show that this post-apocolyptic world has no law or expectations of society, everything/everyone is no different, and whatever actions take place are acceptable, not because people choose to, but because they have no choice, but to rob or result to cannibalism to survive.